Climate and EV Batteries: Winter and Summer Impact

Operating an electric vehicle (EV) in different climate conditions has a direct effect on battery performance and driving range. Modern lithium-ion batteries have specific temperature limitations, and understanding these factors helps maximize efficiency and prolong battery life.

 

Impact of Cold Weather

 

At around –20°C, the chemical reactions inside lithium-ion batteries slow down significantly. This results in a 20–40% reduction in usable capacity and driving range compared to summer conditions.

Cold temperatures also increase energy demand from heating systems for the cabin and windows, which accelerates battery drain. Charging is affected as well: in low temperatures, charging speed — especially at fast DC stations — is reduced because the battery management system limits power intake to protect the cells.

 

How to minimize losses in winter:

• Keep the car plugged in to preheat the battery before driving.

• Use climate control on a timer while the car is charging.

• Plan trips with a reduced winter range in mind.

 

Impact of High Temperatures

In hot weather, battery chemistry works faster, but excessive heat reduces efficiency and long-term health. At +35°C or higher, battery capacity may drop by 10–15%. Under extreme heat, the system limits performance to prevent overheating.

 

Air conditioning also consumes a significant portion of available energy, further lowering real-world range. When parked in direct sunlight, the battery management system may even restrict charging to avoid overheating.

 

Tips for summer driving:

• Park in shaded areas or use a garage.

• Pre-cool the cabin while connected to the charger.

• Regularly check the battery cooling system and ventilation.

 

Conclusion

Ambient temperature is one of the most important factors affecting EV battery performance. In winter, range is reduced by chemical limitations and heating demands; in summer, by overheating and air conditioning use. With proper trip planning, smart charging habits, and climate-control strategies, drivers can preserve battery efficiency and extend the overall lifespan of their electric vehicle.